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The existing literature on social exclusion among older people, though relatively limited, suggests that disadvantage among older people is cumulative in nature. Some aspects of disadvantage starting at early life stages have long-term consequences. As such, older people with disadvantages may be subject to higher risks of persistent social exclusion. This article aims to improve understanding of social exclusion and its persistence among senior Australians in three ways. Firstly, the incidence of social exclusion among older people is analysed using selected indicators. Secondly, the study examines whether an older person experiencing social exclusion at one time is more likely to experience it again (persistence). Thirdly, it investigates what factors may be protecting older people from social exclusion. The analysis is conducted using the first eight waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey. The sample of older people is disaggregated into a younger group (55-64 years at wave 1) and an older group (65+ years). The article suggests that higher education and income, as well as better health conditions and previous employment experiences, are important protective factors from social exclusion for older Australians.

APEC is a unique organization that promotes economic cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region. It remains an informal intergovernmental organization that provides a useful platform for leaders, ministers, businessmen and experts to discuss regional issues on a regular basis. This book examines APEC's accomplishments in recent years and the challenges it faces in the new century. These challenges include the proliferation of Free Trade Agreements in the region and the implications of China's a

APEC in the 21st century (ISEAS Series on APEC) -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- 1. APEC's Achievements and Tasks -- 2. APEC's TILF Agenda: Progress and Future Directions -- 3. Economic and Technical Cooperation in APEC: New Beginning or Revised Agenda? -- 4. Trading with Favourites: Free Trade Agreements in the Asia-Pacific -- 5. Preferential Trading Agreements in the Western Hemisphere -- 6. The Implications of China's Accession to the WTO -- 7. International Financial Flows and Regional Financial Safeguards in East Asia -- 8. Trade and Foreign Direct Investment in East Asia -- Contributors.